Session: 11-02-02 Well Drilling Fluids & Hydraulics

Submission Number: 156970

Evaluating the Feasibility of Using CO2 As a Drilling Fluid for Mars Exploration Operations 

This study presents a numerical analysis of utilizing a CO² gas to transport cuttings from depths exceeding 3000 meters True Vertical Depth (TVD) on Mars. The analysis addresses the need for robust drilling methods to support both scientific research and the acquisition of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) materials for future human missions. Observations from NASA’s InSight lander, which detected S-wave and P-wave signals, combined with data from the Curiosity rover’s Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument, provide insights into the high porosity and very low density of the planet’s crustal formation.

This study evaluates the potential of compressed Martian atmospheric CO² as a circulating fluid for cuttings transport in conceptual drilling techniques such as Millimeter Wave (MMW) drilling, or Plasma drilling. These techniques are designed to melt and vaporize rock material, generating nano-particulates typically less than one micrometer in diameter.  Compressed CO² gas is introduced into the borehole in a controlled manner, transitioning to a liquid state as it reaches the bottom. This liquid CO² is discharged at the nozzle, where its density and viscosity are sufficient for effective cuttings transport.

A critical aspect of this analysis involves controlling the annular pressure using a surface choke, which is essential for maintaining stable downhole conditions. Temperature and pressure profiles in the annulus and drill stem are modeled using the analytical approach proposed by Holmes and Swift, in conjunction with the Span-Wagner equation of state. Preliminary results indicate promising trends. The approach also calculates the frictional pressure losses in the tubing and annulus, optimizing flow requirements for effective cuttings transport.

The study emphasizes the potential of leveraging Mars’ atmospheric CO² as an in-situ resource, reducing the need to transport large quantities of drilling fluids from Earth.  This approach aligns with ISRU objectives and provides a sustainable, scalable solution for future Mars exploration missions. Applications include scientific drilling for core samples as well as potential geothermal energy extraction to support human missions.

Future work will focus on refining model parameters based on experimental data, including the Mojave Mars simulant to replicate Martian regolith properties. Additionally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations will assess the effectiveness of CO² in cleaning the borehole under simulated Martian gravity conditions. These simulations aim to evaluate particle transport and fluid dynamics with greater accuracy, ensuring the reliability of CO² for cuttings removal and borehole stability in Mars’ unique gravitational environment.

Presenting Author: Saeed Bin Tamim Akita University

Presenting Author Biography: Saeed Bin Tamim is a master’s student from the UAE, studying International Resource Science at Akita University. His research focuses on the potential use of CO₂ as a drilling fluid for Martian exploration, with applications in in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). He is committed to developing innovative drilling solutions tailored for extreme environments, including planetary exploration. Saeed is also passionate about sustainability and aims to contribute to resource-efficient technologies that align with global space exploration goals and the UAE’s vision for scientific advancement.